Pop Art

Pop Art

                 Pop Art became a trend somewhere in the mid-1950s in England, but came to its highest level of potential in New York in the '60s alongside with Minimalism. In Pop Art, the classic was replaced with the everyday and the mass-produced awarded the same significance as the unique; the gap between high art and low art was wearing away. The media and advertising were the favorite subjects for the Pop Art's amusing celebrations of a consumerist society. Perhaps the greatest Pop artist, whose innovations have affected so much subsequent art, was the American artist, Andy Warhol (1928-87).

              The term ``Pop Art'' was first used by an English critic named  Lawrence Alloway in a 1958 in an issue of Architectural Digest to describe those paintings that celebrate post-war consumerism of being able to defy the psychology of Abstract Expressionism and embrace materialism. The most famous of the Pop artists, the cult figure Andy Warhol, recreated quasi-photographic paintings of people or everyday objects.

WebMuseum: Pop Art. 2013. WebMuseum: Pop Art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/tl/20th/pop-art.html. [Accessed 20 May 2013].

Celtic Art: Tattoos

Celtic Art: Tattoos

                    Celtic tattoos were a likely sight among Celtic warriors.Much like the Picts (In Latin: Picti meaning "painted ones"), who tattooed their warriors as a form of intimidation against their enemies; the Celts likely adopted the same war tactic of that time.

               Battle among the Celts was considered as a very high honor. The Celts often went to battle bare-chested or even naked. They believe it reinforced a stance of intimidation against their foes. Additionally, Celtic warriors would fashion their hair with bright dies from pastes made from flowers, and typically manipulate their hair in a tall spikey fashion around the head (think Celtic punk rock).

          The Woad plant was used to perform the tattooing, as it is a hardy biennial plant native to northern Europe and the British Isles. Woad is the source of a blue dye chemical, indigotin, that is also produced by the much more potent indigo plant.

              To make Celtic tattoos, the leaves of the Woad plant are harvested and dried, then the  dried leaves are then boiled and strained, and boiled again creating a sticky end product. This Woad paste is then detailed into the skin with needle like implements to force the indigo stain under the skin layers, creating a fixed design.

Celtic Tattoos - History and Meaning. 2013. Celtic Tattoos - History and Meaning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.whats-your-sign.com/celtic-tattoos.html. [Accessed 20 May 2013].

Maui Celtic - Celtic Art, Celtic Art History, Celtic Tattoo History, Maui Celtic Art resource on Maui, Hawaii. 2013. Maui Celtic - Celtic Art, Celtic Art History, Celtic Tattoo History, Maui Celtic Art resource on Maui, Hawaii. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mauiceltic.com/celtic-art.htm. [Accessed 20 May 2013].

Celtic Art

Celtic Art

      Celtic art dates back from at least 700 B.C. in Central Europe, the earliest recorded settlements with Celtic cultures were Halstatt in what today is Austria, and in the 5th century B.C. centered around Lake Neuchatel in what today is Switzerland, the home of the early La Tène Style of Celtic art, with its curviness and spirals.     Sometimes it is combined with cross-hatching, mainly produced on metalwork. The Celtic tribes gradually spread all over Europe, taking their art style and culture with them.

            As the Roman Empire expanded and conquered the Celtic Lands of Europe, continental tribes migrated to the isles of the Britons to join the residents of those safe havens, and took their artwork skills to those lands. In the isles of the ancient Britons and Irish, at the end of the known world of that time, Celtic artwork and culture survived and developed far better.

     The ancient Celts were attached to nature and the elements, and worshipped the sun, moon, the stars and the Earth Mother, with a wide range of goddesses and gods. They celebrated their deities, ancestors, life, the natural world and its creatures, and the changing of the seasons through their music, poetry, story-telling and art. Their poets and musicians which were the Bards and their wise holy men the Druids, were very high up in the social ladder of the tribe. Their artisans were also well respected, and were stone carvers, wood and metal workers. 

Maui Celtic - Celtic Art, Celtic Art History, Celtic Tattoo History, Maui Celtic Art resource on Maui, Hawaii. 2013. Maui Celtic - Celtic Art, Celtic Art History, Celtic Tattoo History, Maui Celtic Art resource on Maui, Hawaii. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mauiceltic.com/celtic-art.htm. [Accessed 20 May 2013].

Celtic Art: The Book of Kells

The Book of Kells

               It is an Irish manuscript containing the Four Gospels, a fragment of Hebrew names and the Eusebian canons also known as the "Book of Columba", probably because it was written in the monastery of Iona in order to honor the saint. It is likely that it’s to this book that the entry in the "Annals of Ulster" under the year 1006 refers; recording that in that year the "Gospel of Columba" was stolen.

         According to tradition, the book is a relic from the time of Columba and even the work of his own hands, but, on palæographic grounds and judging by the characteristics of its decoration, this tradition cannot be sustained, and the date of the composition of this book can hardly be placed earlier than the end of the seventh or beginning of the eighth century. This must be the book which the Welshman, Geraldus Cambrensis, saw at Kildare in the last quarter of the 12th century and which he describes in glowing terms. 

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Book of Kells. 2013. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Book of Kells. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08614b.htm. [Accessed 20 May 2013].

Meaning of Designs and Types of Designs in Celtic Art

Type of Designs in Celtic Art:

In Celtic Art there are a lot of intricate designs and are very well made. These designs range from a lot of intricate spiral designs to designs of animals combined with spirals that reflect the social status in the society or morality significance. Some of the designs and their characteristics are:

The Halstatt: The designs of that time mainly consisted of basic geometrical shapes and designs. Their designs give you a feeling of tribality. Although they are basic they still show a great level of complexity.

The La Tene Style: In this style there are a lot of spirals and in it they were incorporating designs of leaves. These designs were also very intricate and when you view them in a certain angle you can see faces of human beings and animals. The design of this style was very organic.

The Zoomorphics: Designs of animals such as: hounds, snakes, birds, salmon and lions. Sometimes they put dragons on these kind of designs. Normally the animals are twisted on each other and their tails and ears coming out of other parts of the weaves.


The meanings of the symbols of the animals are these:
Hounds: a symbol of loyalty
Lions: a symbol that can reflect both nobility and strength
Snakes: a symbol of rebirth (Dragon or serpent designs may be interpreted the same as snakes)
Birds: a reflection of purity (peacocks) or nobility (eagles)
Salmon: symbolizes knowledge
Bull – symbolizes strength
Boar – a symbol of ferocity and strength


Aon Celtic Art. 2013. Aon Celtic Art. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aon-celtic.com/trade_history_meanings.html. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Aon Celtic Art. 2013. Aon Celtic Art. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aon-celtic.com/cknotworkmeanings.html. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Celtic Art: Insulars

Celtic Art: Insulars



      One of the earliest art of Ireland was influenced by the Celtic culture. Known as Insular art it was a highly decorative art with spirals, knot work, key patterns, crosses and zoomorphic imagery. One of the greatest examples of metalwork during the Christian era of Insular art is the Tara Brooch. This decorative pin dates from the eighth century and is made from silver, gold and copper filigree with an inlay of amber and glass beads. Created for a wealthy man, the design idea on front and back is composed with wolves heads and dragons faces. Named after the legendary Hillof Tara, seat of the High Kings of Ireland at that time, it was actually found in County Meath, Ireland during the mid-nineteenth century. Now it is displayed in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin. Also in Dublin there is  the illuminated famous manuscript called “The Book of Kells” at Old Library at Trinity College.


        The masterpiece was produced at the beginning of the ninth century either in a monastery on the Isle of Iona, Scotland or at Kells in County Meath by Celtic monks transcribing the Four Gospels. The ornamental calligraphic script was written on vellum by several artists who used ten different rare and expensive dyes to render the intricate illustrations. Most famous and beautiful of the books pages is the Chi Ro page which made a lot of people think that the manuscript was the work of angels. Despite their artistic accomplishments the ancient Celts were often depicted as barbaric tribes as in the engraving by Flemish artist Lucas de Heere (1534 – 1584).



Porcelains and Peacocks: Spirals and Knots: Celtic Insular Art in Ireland. 2013. Porcelains and Peacocks: Spirals and Knots: Celtic Insular Art in Ireland. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.porcelainsandpeacocks.com/2010/03/spirals-and-knots-celtic-insular-art-in.html. [Accessed 18 May 2013].

De Stijl

De Stijl

      After the First World War, there was a turning away from old forms and philosophies amongst architects, designers, artists and writers. Many abstract ideas came into play. One of the most important trends of the 20th century was the increasing parallels and merging of art and design which has been separated since the end of the Renaissance.
De Stijl was formed in the early 1920’s by a group of architects and artists who were influenced by some of the ideas of DaDa.

     The founder of the publication and leader of the group was Theo van Doesburg, an architect together with Gerrit Rietveld and Piet Mondrian. 
The philosophy was based on functionalism. All surface decoration except colour had to be eliminated; only pure primary colours and black and white were allowed.

         They only managed to build very few of their designs so the most important thing about this group was definitely their ideas. Gerrit Rietveld’s house is the most complete realisation of De Stijl. The house, the furnishings and the decoration was all planned by Rietveld. 

       “The initial source of their ideas came from DaDa notions about dispensing with the pretentious elitist design aesthetics of the pre-war era. Some of the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright, which had been published in Europe in 1910, influenced their notions about form. Japanese sources were also of significance, though these ideas may have been derived through the work of Wright.”




De Stijl. 2013. De Stijl. [ONLINE] Available at:http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/destijl/decstijl.htm. [Accessed 18 May 2013].

Dada

Dada

         The Dada or Dadaism was not exactly an art movement but more like of an artistic and bookish movement born in Europe during World War I. The Dadaists were a group of artists, academics and writers who rebelled against the European society of that time for allowing the war to happen so they used their own areas of expertise to rebel in their own ways against the war. 

   The Dada style was based on ‘’Shock Art’’ which contained humor, vulgarities, puns and everyday objects. At these artworks, the public were shocked and disgusted. This made the Dadaists happy because their objectives were being reached. The artist which left a great impression on this movement was Marcel Duchamp by painting a mustache on the Mona Lisa and scribbled some vulgarities on the art work. 


Dada - Art History Basics on the Dada Movement - 1916-1923. 2013. Dada - Art History Basics on the Dada Movement - 1916-1923. [ONLINE] Available at: http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/dada.htm. [Accessed 18 May 2013].

Bauhaus

     The Bauhaus also known as the “Staatliches Bauhaus” was a school that merged fine-arts with crafts. This school was famous because of the unique sense of design it taught. The school started to operate from 1919 to 1933.
   

     The founder of the school was Walter Gropius in Weimar. Although Walter was an architect the school did not have an architectural department in the first few years of the school’s existence. The purpose of this school was to incorporate architecture and art and use them to create artworks with these elements. Throughout time the school changed the locations of where it was and the directors for 3 times.
   

       The Bauhaus was spread all over America, Canada, Israel and Western Europe because either they fled the country or the Nazis exiled them. During the mid-1930s; Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and László Moholy-Nagy joined forces together in Britain to live and work on the Isokon project. Gropius and Breuer went to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and worked together as a team before they stopped working together. Their collaboration produced The Aluminum City Terrace in New Kensington, Pennsylvania and the Alan I W Frank House in Pittsburgh and other projects.

The Bauhaus, 1919–1933 | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013. The Bauhaus, 1919–1933 | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bauh/hd_bauh.htm. [Accessed 13 May 2013].

Milkshake

Milkshake






Not for Girls:

I like this artwork because I like the human figure. The artwork is kind of simple but very well done because of the certain smoothness that is on the arm and the colors of the tattoo and the jewellery on the artwork which go well together.




Unknown:

     
I like this artwork because of its dimensionality and the fact that it is hanging. I like the textures of the art work which aren't smooth and they look like skin.  

Renaissance

 Italian Renaissance



     The Italian Renaissance was the most earliest form of the general Renaissance art Movement, an era in which there were a lot of cultural changes and achievements that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the movement between Medieval and into the Early Modern Europe. The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the 19th century, in the work of historians such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt.
        
Although the origins of a movement that was limited largely to the literate culture 
of intellectual attempt and patronage can be traced to the earlier parts of the 14th century, many aspects of the Italian culture and society remained largely Medieval; the Renaissance movement did not come into full swing until the end of the century.
        

The word renaissance (Rinascimento in Italian) means "rebirth" in French, and the era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity after the period that Renaissance humanists labeled the Dark Ages. 


Exhibits Collection -- Renaissance. 2013. Exhibits Collection -- Renaissance. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

Fine Arts Exhibit

Fine-Arts Exhibition



The exhibition in Fine-Arts museum was one that I call ''plain'' in the sense that the artworks are great but in contrast with the modern ones they lack the innovation and the touch of colors and the emotion in the viewers eye. The busts have a lot of detail on them which kind of makes them come alive. 

Contemporary Face of Faith

Contemporary Face of Faith


This exhibition is an example of abstract art and how each individual expresses and projects his art (and thoughts) on to the canvas. The way the paintings are done are very interesting because the outlines and the color schemes used for the works are simply great because of how colors blend well with each other and the different forms used in the artworks.  What I really liked in this exhibition are the colors and the curves applied to make the faces.

Forces Exhibition

Forces by George Muscat

The artworks in this exhibition are very nice because they show great detail in the anatomy of the humans. Personally I like the colors applied to the ‘’female body artworks’’ because they blend together so well it goes very gentle on the eyes of the viewer. 

    This artwork is very nicely done because the color scheme is very lightly toned and the graphics on the body look like tattoo's and the tonality blends well with the color.

  

 This artwork in my opinion shows the diversity of many people in one single artwork in the sense of different forms of the faces, lengths, difference in the noses etc.

             This artworks is smooth yet nice because of the textures and the way the glazes have been applied to the artifact.

I like this one because the fish are very realistic and it gives a sense of motion to the viewer because of the on-going state of the fish.

Rococo

Rococo Art Movement

Rococo was an 18th century movement that began in France. The Rococo movement began as an artistic controversy between the importance of drawing and the importance of colour. The style of Rococo reflects this controversy with bright colours and amazing detail. Rococo belonged to the wealthy and powerful of France.
Francois Boucher painted Rococo. In Hercules and Omphale, Boucher shows another aspect of Rococo. The erotic and sensual themes.  In this painting, Hercules and Omphale are locked in a sensual embrace. Boucher shows his attention to detail. He also uses classical elements which are similar to those of the Renaissance in human figures. 
Rococo played out in different parts of Europe such as Germany and Italy. In France, salons of hotels and private homes featured Rococo paintings and interior work for the upper class. In Germany Rococo survives in churches. However, in Italy this style is mostly captured in furniture.

Rococo and Art History . 2013. Rococo and Art History . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.arthistory.net/artstyles/rococo/rococo1.html. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

Grayson Perry

Grayson Perry

Grayson Perry is a British artist, known for his ceramic vases and cross-dressing. Perry's vases are made of classical forms and are decorated with bright and vibrant colors, depicting subjects at odds with their attractive appearance. He was awarded the Turner Prize in 2003.
Perry started his education with pottery lessons in September 1983 at the Central Institute where he was taught by a certain Sarah Sanderson. His first exhibition was in London in December 1983. For a while he made glazed plates with text because he could not make anything else. He was never motivated by a desire to work in clay rather he chose pottery because studio ceramics was in "thrall to a formal idea". Film having proved an inadequate medium for communicating his ideas about gender and society, Perry found in pottery an effective alternative because of the ways artificiality could be deployed to make the innocent or honest pot have a purpose and mean something.
The Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam mounted a solo exhibition of his work in 2002. It was partly for this work that he was awarded the Turner Prize in 2003, the first time it was given to a ceramic artist. He attended the award ceremony dressed as a girl which was his alter-ego Claire, wearing a little girl party frock. Perry was accompanied by his family.


Grayson Perry - Artist's Profile - The Saatchi Gallery. 2013. Grayson Perry - Artist's Profile - The Saatchi Gallery. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/grayson_perry.htm. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

Grayson Perry | Artists | Victoria Miro. 2013. Grayson Perry | Artists | Victoria Miro. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.victoria-miro.com/artists/_12/. [Accessed 08 April 2013]. 

Augustus Pugin

Augustus Pugin

In Pugin’s opinion, Classical architecture is the long established Gothic or to use his own words “Pointed” or “Christian” architecture.

While Augustus Pugin was designing the Palace of the Westminster he was also converting a return to the Gothic style of architecture through his writings. For the artist, the Gothic superiority of his work on the new Palace of Westminster did not only represent a public statement of a wedded architectural expression but also a spiritual one. In 1835 Pugin converted to Catholicism. That is why his furnishing designs mirror many features of a pre-Reformation Catholic church. ‘The reign of classicism represented to him the “current secularism and moral degeneracy” of England and Wales and of which the Anglican Church had supported.’

Pugin noticed that the values and artefacts of society were all intertwined. By promoting the dominant style of Gothic or “Christian Architecture” for the new Palace of Westminster he was sending a message to the people. The message he was trying to send is to go back to the traditional Catholic faith and to the times which were moral, honest and truthful.

With both his writings and his work on the new Palace of Westminster we see Pugin on a mission to prove that Gothic architecture is the way forward for the 19^th century.

Augustus Pugin’s work on the furnishings of the Palace of Westminster would certainly have been seen as a dissent from the contemporary Classical Architecture. 

Augustus Charles Pugin: Information from Answers.com. 2013. Augustus Charles Pugin: Information from Answers.com. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.answers.com/topic/augustus-charles-pugin-1. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

The Pre-Raphaelites

Pre-Raphaelites


The  Pre-Raphaelites were a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Later on the three founders were joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form the seven-member "brotherhood".
The group's main intention was to change art by refusing to accept the Mannerist norms which were first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood wanted to use and imply the abundant detail in the surroundings, intense colors and the artworks of Quattrocento Italian art.
Through the PRB, the brotherhood announced in hinted form the arrival of a new movement in British art. The group continued to accept the concepts of history painting and the imitation of the living word through art. The Pre-Raphaelites defined themselves as a movement which restructured certain aspects of art because they brought change where it was needed. The group's discussions and meetings were recorded in a specific journal called the Pre-Raphaelite Journal.


Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction. 2013. Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/prb/1.html. [Accessed 08 April 2013].
Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde | Tate. 2013. Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde | Tate. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/pre-raphaelites-victorian-avant-garde. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

George Seurat

George Seurat

Seurat was a painter and the founder of the 19th-century French school of Neo-Impressionism who specialized in projecting light by using tiny brushstrokes of colors which later became known as the Pointillism. By using this he managed to create huge compositions with tiny and detached strokes of pure color of which it was too small to be recognized when looking at the entire work but making his paintings real and with brilliance.
He spent his life studying color theories and the effects of different linear structures. With his 500 drawings alone they established Seurat as a well-known artist but he will mostly be remembered for his technique called pointillism which uses small dots or strokes of color to create subtle changes in form. 

Georges Seurat - The complete works. 2013. Georges Seurat - The complete works. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.georgesseurat.org/. [Accessed 08 April 2013].
WebMuseum: Seurat, Georges. 2013. WebMuseum: Seurat, Georges. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/seurat/. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

Owen Jones

Owen Jones

          Owen was the son of a Welsh antiquary, was an architect and an interior designer. During his studies he studied with the architect Lewis Vulliamy and then he enrolled the Royal Academy schools. After a European tour which led him to sketch and paint the Alhambra, the Moorish palace. Jones is best known for his Grammar of Ornament (1856) which came to be regarded as a masterpiece, but he specialized as a color printer in the gift book beloved by the Victorians.

          Owen Jones started working for Thomas De La Rue

 in 1844, which was known that he had the best artists around working for him. In 20 years years Jones created 173 different playing card designs varying from fruit and flower themes to Chinese and Arabic. Owen Jones played a prominent part in the lives of three generations of De La Rues; Thomas, assisting Warren and William Frederick and Warren's son, Warren William who was sent to him to learn lithography. Owen Jones was appointed superintendent of works for the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition and took part in decorating and arranging the building.

A higher ambition: Owen Jones (1809–74) - Victoria and Albert Museum. 2013. A higher ambition: Owen Jones (1809–74) - Victoria and Albert Museum. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/a-higher-ambition-owen-jones/. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

Essay on Contemporary Artist: Roberto Lazzarini

Robert Lazzarini

Robert Lazzarini is an American artist who lives and works in the city of New York. He has been exhibiting nationally and internationally since 1995 and he is included in major collections such as the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; and the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis.

At first he was a sculptor, Lazzarini is best known for using and making common objects that have been subjected to multiple distortions and uses of abstraction which have the effect of confusing visual and space, or rather complicating the space of pictures and the space of things and even the projections of the work. Lazzarini also changes the physical surroundings in which these objects are seen—the ground to the object's "figure"—which adds to the confusing effect that the work aims to project on its audience. His works offer no ideal point of view and that is how it amazes its viewers to walk around the work, Lazzarini's sculptures trace their lineage back to the 1960s because of their sense of minimalism and to the introduction of phenomenology into art. All of Lazzarini's sculptures are created out of the same materials as the things on which they are based; for example, the skulls (2001), which Lazzarini first exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art, were created out of real bones that were put in a cast.

Some of his works:

Robert Lazzarini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Robert Lazzarini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lazzarini. [Accessed 08 April 2013].

Impressionism

Impressionism Art Movement

The Impressionism art movement was founded in the late 19^th century (roughly 1874) by a group of artists, sculptors and printmakers who made an exhibition that launched the Impressionism art style. Some of the founding members were Monet, Pissarro and Degas and many others. They sought to view and project art in a non-traditional way like… giving it un-finished looks, using different techniques such as the ‘’impasto’’ (a technique which involves applying the paint directly on the artwork with a palette knife), pointillist brush-strokes (technique were brush strokes are applied in an illusionistic way to project the image in the viewer’s mind), short and thick strokes of paint to capture the light and essence of the world. One particular technique was the avoidance of the black and dark tones because in Impressionism dark tones were achieved by mixing the colors together.

WebMuseum: Impressionism. 2013. WebMuseum: Impressionism. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/impressionism/. [Accessed 03 April 2013].

Impressionism: Art and Modernity | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013. Impressionism: Art and Modernity | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/imml/hd_imml.htm. [Accessed 03 April 2013].

Romanticism

Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic Era) is an artistic (and a cultural movement) which its origins started way back in the end of the 18^th century and from Europe. The movement was used as a reaction to the Industrial Age and as a rebellion against the politics and social issues of that time. The influence of Romanticism on art was that the artists began drawing landscapes containing storms, wild landscapes and Gothic structures.  The traits of romanticism were those of featuring great simplicity and natural opposite of the styles that came before romanticism such as the Renaissance, Neo-classical etc… which favored grandeur, complexity and details.

Romanticism [ONLINE] Available at: http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html 

Romanticism- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Romanticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism. [Accessed 02 March 2013].

Francisco Goya

Francisco Goya

Francesco Goya was a painter and a printmaker that lived in the Romanticism Era and was a court painter for the Spanish Crown. Goya is known best for his artworks depicting scenes of great violence like his famous “Los desastres de la Guerra” in which he paints and projects the Napoleonic war in Spain. Goya had a house in called Quinta del Sordo and in this house he had his 14 ‘’Black Paintings’’ which one of them was “Saturn devouring his child” (which people believed it was symbolizing the politics of Spain in that time) and also “Witches’ Sabbath”. These paintings have references of witchcraft and war on them. He is also known to be ‘’the first modern artist’’ because from his view the artist should use vision rather than tradition.

                                 "Saturn Devouring his Son"

                           

                                   "Witches' Sabbath"

Francisco De Goya - The complete works. 2013. Francisco De Goya - The complete works. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.franciscodegoya.net/. [Accessed 05 March 2013].

Francisco Goya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Francisco Goya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya. [Accessed 05 March 2013]

Realism

Realism

Realism

Realism (also known as Naturalism) was an art movement which first started in France and was used to revolt against the Romanticism Art movement. In general, realist artists sought to capture the detail and precision of the everyday situations of every individual in the classes of society while avoiding the emotion and drama in which it was seen in Romanticist paintings.

Realism (arts) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Realism (arts) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)#Visual_arts. [Accessed 02 March 2013].

Realism - Realism Art. 2013. Realism - Realism Art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/realism.htm. [Accessed 03 March 2013].

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was an era where a lot of changes occurred in many things such as; the manufacture of metals, agriculture etc. The term ‘’revolution’’ in this context is used in the sense that it brought a great change of how things were done such as the production in agriculture (the further improvements done to increase food, wood an cotton production), in metallurgy a certain Abraham Darby managed to smelt pig iron with coke (which lessened the amount of trees which where chopped down to create fires to smelt the iron thus providing more wood for other things). 

Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution. [Accessed 02 March 2013].

81.02.06: The Industrial Revolution. 2013. 81.02.06: The Industrial Revolution. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html. [Accessed 02 March 2013].

Gustave Courbet

Gustave Courbet

Gustav Courbet is the painter that started and ruled the French movement toward Realism. Everyone was getting used to pictures that made life look better than it was. However, Courbet, truthfully portrait ordinary places and people.

Courbet was born on June 10, 1819, to a farming family in Ornans, France. In 1841, he went to Paris to study law but instead, he studied painting and learned by copying pictures of other artists. In 1844, his self-portrait ‘Courbet with a Black Dog’, was accepted by an annual public exhibition of art.

In 1849 Courbet visited his family in the countryside and produced “The Stone-Breakers” followed by ‘Burial in Ornans’. Both paintings were unlike romantic pictures of the day because they showed peasants in realistic settings “instead of the rich in glamourized situations”. Gustav Courbet his work himself near the exhibition hall when one of his huge canvases was refused for an important exhibition.

By 1859, he was the leader of the new generation of the French realist movement. The artist painted all varieties of subjects such as portraits, nudes and also scenes of nature.

                                 "Self Portrait"



Gustave Courbet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Gustave Courbet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism. [Accessed 02 March 2013].

Victorian Era

Victorian Art

Victorian art (as its name suggests) is referring to the development of the arts in the Victorian Era. The Victorian art where those of mixing and reviving old art movements with the Asian and the Middle-Eastern cultural influences. This movement is not based on ‘’art’’ in the sense that all of this led to new designs of textiles, furniture and interior design. 


Victorian decorative arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Victorian decorative arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_decorative_arts. [Accessed 05 March 2013].